Sierra Nevada

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Sierra Nevada
Sierra Nevada
How were the Sierra Nevada Foothills formed?


I'm writing a paper for one of my classes on the geology of the foothills. I have to explain how the foothills were formed of ocean crust and how they were formed under water but are now near the Sierra Nevada mountains. Can anyone explain this to me?

The well-known granite that makes up most of the southern Sierra started to form in the Triassic period. At that time, an island arc collided with the West coast of North America and raised a set of mountains, in an event called the Nevadan orogeny. This event produced metamorphic rock. At roughly the same time, a subduction zone started to form at the edge of the continent. This means that an oceanic plate started to dive beneath the North American plate. Magma from the melting oceanic plate rose in plumes (plutons) deep underground, their combined mass forming what is called the Sierra Nevada batholith. These plutons formed at various times, from 115 million to 87 million years ago. By 65 million years ago, the proto-Sierra Nevada was worn down to a range of rolling low mountains, a few thousand feet high.
Image of the Sierra Nevada and Owens Valley from the International Space Station

Twenty million years ago, crustal extension associated with the Basin and Range Province caused extensive volcanism in the Sierra. About 4 million years ago, the Sierra Nevada started to form and tilt to the west. Rivers started cutting deep canyons on both sides of the range. The Earth's climate cooled, and ice ages started about 2.5 million years ago. Glaciers carved out characteristic U-shaped canyons throughout the Sierra. The combination of river and glacier erosion exposed the uppermost portions of the plutons emplaced millions of years before, leaving only a remnant of metamorphic rock on top of some Sierra peaks.

Uplift of the Sierra Nevada continues today, especially along its eastern side. This uplift causes large earthquakes, such as the Lone Pine earthquake of 1872.



Sierra Nevada - OVILA Sierra Nevada - OVILA "Abbey Ales" Quad - 12" Tap Handle NEW Paypal US $24.99 27d 21h 40m
SIERRA NEVADA TRADITIONAL ALE & LAGER LIGHTED WODDEN SIGN NEW SIERRA NEVADA TRADITIONAL ALE & LAGER LIGHTED WODDEN SIGN NEW Paypal US $59.95 26d 13h 1m
LOT OF TAP HANDLES, HARPOON, SIERRA NEVADA, ETC 12 HANDLES LOT OF TAP HANDLES, HARPOON, SIERRA NEVADA, ETC 12 HANDLES Paypal US $100.00 1d 7h 21m
Sierra Nevada Draught Style PALE ALE///Beer Tap Handle-NO RESERVE!! Sierra Nevada Draught Style PALE ALE///Beer Tap Handle-NO RESERVE!! Paypal US $30.00 2d 6h 51m
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Sierra Nevada


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Sierra Nevada


Trevenque. The best summit in Spains Sierra Nevada?

Trevenque (2079m) is an old favourite. This peak has been known in all weathers, at all times of the year. It stands isolated and proud on the outskirts of Granada in the Cumbres Verdes range of hills. It is not linked by ridges to any other peak, has the ideal mountain profile and has one of the best summits in the Sierra Nevada. Oh, if only it were 1000m higher!

The peak is good for a poor day on the higher Sierras, or when you fancy a change from the sparse tundra like peaks rising above. Trevenque has contrast. From the arid “badlands” of “Las Arenas” (the sands) to the lush greenery of the Dilar valley, to walk this peak is to sample great variety. Yet, it is only a 10 minute drive from the Granada suburb of La Zubia.

We arrived at the normal starting point at Collado Sevilla (1350m) to find the road encrusted with ice and snow. From the off we had powder snow to contend with. This is very unusual as snow normally only lasts a few days on this peak. There were a few tracks at first, but they soon ended and it became apparent, as we trudged through deep snow in our snowshoes, that the peak had not been ascended since the last snowfalls nearly a week ago!

We followed the easy track round the ridgeline, then left our Irish stalwart, Rory O’Neill, to break trail up the steepening ridge. As we encountered the main rocks we swapped snowshoes for crampons and ice axe. The snow was not consolidated and care was needed on the ascent up the centre of the main face (the normal route). Crampons continually balled up with the soft snow.

We reached the sharp summit cone 3 hours after starting, a good time for the conditions. There were clear and fantastic views back towards Granada and across to the Alayos de Dilar. Behind us the Sierra Nevada made a dramatic backgound with huge lenticular clouds indicating high windspeeds.

A short break and we headed downhill reversing our outward track. Care was needed over some short sections but we reached the dry river valley of “Las Arenas” (renamed “Las Blancas” for the day). Here we put on our snowshoes for the final descent back to the waiting car at Cortijo Sevilla.

A good day. Recommended. Trevenque is special at any time of year, but in my opinion is at its most magic under deep snow, snow shoeing. It might not be the highest, or the hardest, but it has a special quality. You always savour the moment when you tread on it’s fine and pointed summit.

Article by Spanish Highs Mountain Guides

About the Author

Richard Hartley