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Travelodge Erie $154 Travelodge Erie is located in Erie, close to Penn State Erie and Presque Isle Downs and Casino. Additional area points of interest include Erie Zoo and Millcreek Mall. Hotel Features. Travelodge Erie features a restaurant. A complimentary continental breakfast is served each morning. Guest parking is complimentary. Additional property amenities include an arcade/game room and shopping on site. Guestrooms. All guestrooms at Travelodge Erie feature air conditioning. Cable television is provided. |
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Days Inn Erie $75.94 Days Inn Erie is located in Erie, close to Presque Isle Downs and Casino, Erie Zoo, and Millcreek Mall. Additional area points of interest include Erie County Courthouse and Penn State Erie. Hotel Features. This hotel offers audio visual equipment and business services. The property offers a roundtrip airport shuttle (surcharge). A complimentary continental breakfast is served each morning. Room service is available during limited hours. Guest parking is complimentary. Additional property amenities include complimentary newspapers in the lobby. Guestrooms. Air conditioned guestrooms at Days Inn Erie feature coffee/tea makers and hair dryers. Wireless Internet access is complimentary. Cable television is provided. |
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Super 8 Erie/I 90 $63.2 Super 8 Erie/I 90 is located in Erie, close to Presque Isle Downs and Casino, Erie Zoo, and Millcreek Mall. Additional area points of interest include Penn State Erie and Erie County Courthouse. Hotel Features. The property offers a roundtrip airport shuttle (surcharge). Guest parking is complimentary. Super 8 Erie/I 90 features coffee in the lobby, complimentary newspapers in the lobby, and an elevator (lift). A complimentary continental breakfast is served each morning. Guestrooms. 91 air conditioned guestrooms at Super 8 Erie/I 90 feature irons/ironing boards. Wireless Internet access is available. Televisions have cable channels. |
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Howard Johnson Fort Erie On $75.2 Howard Johnson Fort Erie On is located in Fort Erie, close to Peace Bridge. Hotel Features. A complimentary continental breakfast is served each morning. Howard Johnson Fort Erie On features complimentary newspapers in the lobby, RV and truck parking, and air conditioning in public areas. Complimentary wireless Internet access is available in public areas. Guest parking is complimentary. The front desk is open 24 hours a day. Guestrooms. All guestrooms at Howard Johnson Fort Erie On feature coffee/tea makers and clock radios. Cable television is provided. |
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Microtel Inn Erie $55.2 Microtel Inn Erie > ERI > 8100 Peach St > Erie > PA > 16509>Location. This property is located in Erie. Area attractions include Erie County Courthouse. Features. Microtel Inn Erie has a fitness facility. Business amenities include a 24 hour business center and complimentary wireless Internet access. Guests are served a complimentary breakfast each morning. Guestrooms. Amenities featured in guestrooms include coffee/tea makers. Business friendly amenities include desks and complimentary wireless Internet access. Bathrooms feature hair dryers. > |
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Travelodge Lake Erie Sandusky $108.61 Travelodge Lake Erie Sandusky is located in Sandusky, close to Keys Golf Course. Additional area points of interest include Firelands Hospital and Cedar Point. Hotel Features. Recreational amenities include an outdoor pool. A bar/lounge is open for drinks. A complimentary continental breakfast is served each morning. Additional property amenities include laundry facilities. Guestrooms. Air conditioned guestrooms at Travelodge Lake Erie Sandusky feature hair dryers. Televisions have cable channels. |
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Comfort Inn Erie I-90 $94.53 Comfort Inn Erie I-90 > ERI > 8051 Peach Street > Erie > PA > 16509>Location. This property is located in Erie. Area attractions include Erie County Courthouse. Features. Comfort Inn Erie I 90 has an indoor pool and a fitness facility. The property offers meeting rooms for small groups. Comfort Inn Erie I 90 has a bar/lounge. Guests are served a complimentary breakfast each morning. This 2.0 star property provides a complimentary airport shuttle. Guestrooms. Amenities featured in guestrooms include air conditioning, coffee/tea makers, and televisions. Guestrooms have cable/satellite television with pay movies. Bathrooms provide jetted tubs and hair dryers. Notifications:Additional fees and deposits may be charged by the property at time of service, check in, or check out. >The preferred airport for Comfort Inn Erie I 90 is Erie, PA (ERI Erie Intl.) 9.3 km / 5.8 mi. Distances are calculated in a straight line from the property’s location to the point of interest or airport and may not reflect actual travel distance. Distances are displayed to the nearest 0. 1 mile and kilometre. |
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Fairfield Inn by Marriott Erie $94 Fairfield Inn by Marriott Erie > ERI > 2082 Interchange Rd > Erie > PA > 16565>Location. This property is located in Erie. Area attractions include Erie County Courthouse. Features. Fairfield Inn by Marriott Erie has an indoor pool. Business amenities include complimentary wireless Internet access and business services. Guests are served a complimentary breakfast each morning. The staff can arrange dry cleaning/laundry services. Guestrooms. Amenities featured in guestrooms include clock radios. Business friendly amenities include complimentary wireless Internet access. Notifications:Additional fees and deposits may be charged by the property at time of service, check in, or check out. > |
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Paradise Cay The Erie Canal $39.99 Paradise Cay The Erie Canal . For more than 175 years, the Canals of New York State, coupled with the Hudson River, have served the changing needs of this nation. Once the focus of industrial growth in America, the Canal Corridor now provides boaters, bikers, hikers...and everyone else...with a route that`s still exciting to travel, and an enduring tribute to our pioneer spirit. This is a book about the Canals as they are today, how to `use` them, and the cultural, recreational, and scenic opportunities they offer along their routes. The Erie Canal is one of four interconnected canals, certainly the most famous, that facilitate travel by water from New York`s interior to ports all over the world. This `Canal System` includes the Erie, the Oswego, the Cayuga/Seneca, and the Champlain Canals This book is written to help you appreciate and enjoy this legacy resource Hardcover - 224 pages (July 1, 2001), Debbie Daino Stack |
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Downtown Erie Hotel $55 Downtown Erie Hotel > ERI > 18 W 18th St > Erie > PA > 16501>Location. This Erie property is close to Erie County Courthouse and Erie Maritime Museum. Features. Downtown Erie Hotel has an outdoor pool and a fitness facility. Business amenities include wireless Internet access and secretarial services. Downtown Erie Hotel has a restaurant and a bar/lounge. Guests are served a complimentary breakfast each morning. Event facilities include conference rooms. Additional amenities include laundry facilities, coffee in the lobby, and air conditioning in public areas. Guestrooms. Amenities featured in guestrooms include air conditioning, coffee/tea makers, and free local calls. Bathrooms feature hair dryers. All guestrooms at Downtown Erie Hotel are non smoking. Notifications:Additional fees and deposits may be charged by the property at time of service, check in, or check out. > |
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Wingate By Wyndham Erie $109 Wingate By Wyndham Erie is located in Erie, close to Millcreek Mall and Presque Isle Downs and Casino. Additional area points of interest include Erie Zoo and Waldameer Water World. Hotel Features. Recreational amenities include an indoor pool, a spa tub, and a fitness facility. This hotel has a business center and offers small meeting rooms and business services. Complimentary wireless and wired high speed Internet access is available in public areas. A complimentary continental breakfast is served each morning. Guest parking is complimentary. Additional property amenities include express check out. This is a smoke free property. Guestrooms. 100 guestrooms at Wingate By Wyndham Erie feature coffee/tea makers and safes. Refrigerators and microwaves are offered. Bathrooms feature complimentary toiletries and hair dryers. Wired high speed and wireless Internet access is complimentary. In addition to desks and complimentary weekday newspapers, guestrooms offer cordless phones with voice mail, as well as free local calls (restrictions may apply). Flat panel televisions have premium cable channels. Rooms also include irons/ironing boards and clock radios. Housekeeping is offered daily and guests may request wake up calls. Guestrooms are all non smoking. |
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Quality Inn and Suites Erie $79.99 Quality Inn and Suites Erie > ERI > 8040-A Perry Highway > Erie > PA > 16509>Location. This city center property is located in the heart of Erie. Area attractions include Erie County Courthouse. Features. Quality Inn and Suites Erie has a seasonal outdoor pool. The property offers business services. Guests are served a complimentary breakfast each morning. Event facilities include conference rooms. Additional amenities include complimentary newspapers in the lobby, self parking, and a safe deposit box at the front desk. Guestrooms. Amenities featured in guestrooms include air conditioning, coffee/tea makers, and free local calls. Business friendly amenities include complimentary wireless Internet access. All guestrooms provide microwaves and refrigerators. Bathrooms feature hair dryers. All guestrooms at Quality Inn and Suites Erie are non smoking. Notifications:Additional fees and deposits may be charged by the property at time of service, check in, or check out. > |
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Country Inn Suites Erie $74 Country Inn Suites Erie > ERI > 8040 Oliver Rd > Erie > PA > 16509>Location. This property is located in Erie. Area attractions include Erie County Courthouse. Features. Country Inn Suites Erie has an indoor pool, a spa tub, and a fitness facility. Business amenities include a business center and complimentary wireless Internet access. Guests are served a complimentary breakfast each morning. Event facilities include conference rooms. Guest parking is complimentary. The staff can arrange concierge services. Additional amenities include a fireplace in the lobby, complimentary newspapers in the lobby, and air conditioning in public areas. Guestrooms. Amenities featured in guestrooms include air conditioning, coffee/tea makers, and free local calls. Guestrooms have cable television with pay movies. Business friendly amenities include complimentary wireless Internet access. Bathrooms feature hair dryers. Guestroom services include housekeeping. Rollaway beds are available on request. All guestrooms at Country Inn Suites Erie are non smoking. Notifications:Additional fees and deposits may be charged by the property at time of service, check in, or check out. > |
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Springhill Suites by Marriott Erie $99 Springhill Suites by Marriott Erie > ERI > 2087 Interchange Rd > Erie > PA > 16509>Location. This property is located in Erie. Area attractions include Erie County Courthouse. Features. Springhill Suites by Marriott Erie has an indoor pool, a fitness facility, and a pool. This 3.0 star Erie property features a hair salon. Business amenities include a business center, high speed Internet access, and meeting rooms for small groups. Guests are served a complimentary breakfast each morning. Guest parking is complimentary. The staff can arrange concierge services. Additional amenities include a picnic area, complimentary newspapers in the lobby, and self parking. Guestrooms. Amenities featured in guestrooms include coffee/tea makers, complimentary newspapers, and clock radios. In addition, amenities available on request include wake up calls. Guestrooms have cable television with premium TV channels, HBO, and pay movies. Business friendly amenities include multi line phones, desks, and direct dial phones. All guestrooms provide microwaves and refrigerators. Bathrooms provide hair dryers and complimentary toiletries. Guestroom services include housekeeping. Sofa beds are provided. >The preferred airport for Springhill Suites by Marriott Erie is Buffalo, NY (BUF Buffalo Niagara Intl.) 148.3 km / 92.1 mi. Distances are calculated in a straight line from the property’s location to the point of interest or airport and may not reflect actual travel distance. Distances are displayed to the nearest 0. 1 mile and kilometre. |
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Comfort Inn Fort Erie $75.04 Comfort Inn Fort Erie > BUF > 1 Hospitality Drive > Fort Erie > ON > L2A6G1>Location. This property is located in Fort Erie. Features. In addition to laundry facilities and complimentary newspapers in the lobby, Comfort Inn Fort Erie features air conditioning in public areas and self parking. Guests are served a complimentary breakfast each morning. Guest parking is complimentary. The front desk is open 24 hours a day. Guestrooms. Amenities featured in guestrooms include air conditioning, coffee/tea makers, and free local calls. Business friendly amenities include desks. Bathrooms feature hair dryers. Notifications and Fees:Additional fees and deposits may be charged by the property at time of service, check in, or check out. Pets: CAD 20 per stay>The preferred airport for Comfort Inn Fort Erie is Buffalo, NY (BUF Buffalo Niagara Intl.) 16.5 km / 10.3 mi. Distances are calculated in a straight line from the property’s location to the point of interest or airport and may not reflect actual travel distance. Distances are displayed to the nearest 0. 1 mile and kilometre. |
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NORTH AMERICAN HOCKEY LEAGUE 1973-77
A Review On Topical Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems
1K.S.Rathore*, 2R.K.Nema, 3S.S.Sisodia, 3M.S.Ranawat
1B. N. Girls College of Pharmacy, Udaipur
2Rishiraj College of Pharmacy, Indore
3B.N. College of Pharmacy, Udaipur
Eye is unique and very precious organ. It is considered as window of the soul. We can enjoy and viewed the whole world only with this organ. There are many eye ailments which affect this organ and one can loss the eye sight also. Therefore many ophthalmic drug delivery systems are available. These are classified as conventional and newer drug delivery systems.Most commonly available ophthalmic preparations are eye drops and ointments. But these preparations when instilled into the cul-de-sac are rapidly drained away from the ocular cavity due to tear flow and lacrimal nasal drainage. Only a small amount is available for its therapeutic effect resulting in frequent dosing1. Thus inefficient drug delivery into the eye occurs due to rapid tear turn over, lacrimal. drainage and drug dilution by tears2.
Topical administration for ocular therapeutics is ideal because of smaller doses required compared to the systemic use, its rapid onset of action and freedom from systemic toxicity Topically applied ocular drugs have to reach the inner parts of the eye and transcorneal penetration is believed to be the major route for drug absorption. Corneal absorption is much slower process than elimination. For many drugs K loss (First order elimination rate) is approximately 0.5-0.7/min and K absorption (First order absorption rate) is about 0.001/min. The sum of these two rate constants control the fraction of the applied dose absorbed into the eye3. So the ocular bioavailability can be increased by decreasing K Ioss or by increasing K absorption. The former can be achieved by modifying the ocular dosage forms and the latter by formulating ocular dosage forms containing lipophilic prodrugs or by adding penetration enhancers. Therefore to optimize topical ocular drug delivery system prolonged contact time with the corneal surface and better penetration through cornea is necessary4.
A considerable amount of effort has been made in ophthalmic drug delivery since 1970's. The two main approqches attempted are improvement in bioavailability and controlled release drug delivery.
ENHANCEMENT IN BIOAVAILABILITY
Topical bioavailability can be improved by maximizing precorneal drug absorption and minimizing precorneal drug loss.
1. Viscosity improver:
In order to prolong precorneal residence time and to improve bioavailability attempts were made to increase the viscosity of the formulation. The viscosity enhancers used were hydrophilic polymers such as cellulose, polyalcohol and polyacrylic acid. Sodium carboxy methyl cellulose is one of the most important mucoadhesion polymers having mono adhosive strength5. The effects of polyacrylic acid and polyacrylamide based hydrogels are tested on miotic
response of pilocarpine. Carbomer were used in liquid and semisolid formulations as suspending or viscosity increasing agents. Formulations including creams, gels and ointments were used as ophthalmic products6. Polycarbophil is water insoluble cross linked polyacrylic acid helps in the retention of the drug delivery system in the eye7 due to the formation of hydrogel bonds and mucoadhesive strength. Hyaluronic acid offers a biocompatible and biodegradable matrix for fabrication of ocular sustained release dosage form- Dosage forms based on the benzyl esters of hyaluronic acid were used for ophthalmic sustained release of methyl prednisolone. Films and microspheres were also prepared from hyaluronic acid. Polysaccharide such as xanthan gum was found to increase the viscosity8. Today, hydrophilic polymers continue to be used in formulation of ophthatmic products Outs the" lunotions are mere for patient comfort and for bioadhesion rather than viscosity enhancement. Viscosity vehicles increases the contact time and no marked sustaining effect is seen.
2. Gels :
Gel formation is an extreme case of viscosity enhancement through the use of viscosity enhancers. So the dosing frequency can be decreased to once a day9. Cellulose acetate phthalate dispersion constituted a micro-reservoir system of high viscosity. Poloxamer 407 is used as an ophthalmic vehicle for pilocarpine delivery and found that the gel formation enhances the activity of pilocarpine10. Timolol maleate form thermogelling drug delivery system composed of cellulose ether ethylhydroxylethylcellulose11. The effect of flurbiprofen a non steroidal anti inflammatory, formulated in carbopol 940 and pluronic F 127 hydrogels were compared in ocular hypertension. Gelrite is a polysaccharide (gellen gum), which forms a clear gel in the presence of mono or divalent cation. The high viscosity of the gel, however, results in blurring of vision and malted eyelids which substantially reduce patient acceptability. Sterilization is another drawback for large-scale production,
3. Penetration enhancers:
They act by increasing corneal uptake by modifying the integrity of comeal epithelium. Chelating agents, preservatives, surfactants and bile salts were studied as possible penetration enhances. But the effort was diminished due to the local toxicity associated with enhancers12. Penetration enhancers have also been reported to reduce the drop size of conventional ophthalmic solutions especially if they do not elicit local irritation.
4. Prodrugs:
Prodrugs enhance comeal drug permeability through modification of the hydrophilic or lipophilicity of the drug13. The method includes modification of chemical structure of the drug molecule, thus making it selective, site specific and a safe ocular drug delivery system. Drugs with increased penetrability through prodrug formulations are-epinehrine13, phenylephrine, timolol, pilocarpine14 and albuterol.
5. Cyclodextrins:
Cyclodextrins act as carriers by keeping the hydrophobic drug molecules in solution and delivering them to the surface of the biological membrane, where the relatively lipophilic membrane has a much lower affinity for the hydrophilic eyclodextrin molecules WO therefore they remain in the aqueous vehicle system. Optimum bioavailability can be achieved when just enough cyclodextrin (
6. Bioadhesive polymers:
The bioadhesive polymers16 adhere to the mucin coat covering the conjunctiva and the comeal surfaces of the eye, thus prolonging the residence time of a drug in the conjunctival sac. These polymers can be neutral, synthetic or semi synthetic. Polyacrylic acid, polycarbophil and hyaluronic acid are synthetic polymers commonly used. Chitosan is a bioadhesive vehicle suitable for ophthalmic formulation since it exhibits general biological properties such as biodegradability, nontoxicity and biocompatibility. Due its positive charge at neutral pH and ionic interaction with the negative charges of sialic acid occurs. Xanthan and carrageenan are also described as bioadhesive polysaccharides17.
ENHANCEMENT IN CONTROLLED DRUG-DELIVERY
It is realized that the preferred system of ophthalmic delivery would provide improved bioavailability, site-specific delivery and with continuous drug release. So achievements have been made in the following areas:
1. In situ forming gels:
The progress has been made in gel technology lip the development of droppiable gel. They are liquid uponjnstillation and undergo phase transition in the ocular cul-de-sac to form visco-elastic gel and this provides a response to environmental changes18. Three methods have been employed to cause phase transition in the eye surface. These are change in pH, change in temperature and ion activation.
1. pH:
In this method gelling of the solution is triggered by a change in the pH. CAP latex cross linked polyacrylic acid and derivatives such as carbomers are used. They are low viscosity polymeric dispersion in water which undergoes spontaneous coagulation and gelation after instillafion in the conjunctival cul-de-sac19.
3. Temperature:
In this method gelling of the solution is triggered by change in the temperature. Sustained drug delivery can be achieved by the use of a polymer that changes from solution to gel at the temperature of the eye. But disadvantage of this is characterized by high polymer concentration (25% Poloxamers) 20. Methyl cellulose and smart hydrogels are other examples.
4. Ionic strength:
In this method gelling of the solution Instilled Is triggered by change In the Ionic strength. Example Is Gelrite. Gelrite is a polysaccharide, low acetyl gellan gum, which forms a clear gel in the presence of mono or divalent cations. The concentration of sodium in human tears is 2.6 g/l is particularly suitable to cause gelation of the material when topically installed into the conjunctival sac.
5. Oil in water emulsions:
Phospholipids and pluronics were used as the emulsifiers. Antioxidants were added to improve their shelf-life. The intra-ocular pressure reducing effect of a single, topically administered dose of a pilocarpine emulsion lasted for 29 h in rabbits compared to generic pilocarpine solution which lasted only for 5 h21. Oil in water emulsion is useful for delivery of Water insoluble drugs, which is solubilised in the internal oil phase.
6. Colloidal part Iles:
The potential use of polymeric colloidal particles as ophthalmic drug delivery systems started in late 1970's.The first two systems studied in this area were pilocarpine cellulose acetate hydrogen phthalate latex systems and piloplex. But both the system could not enter commercial development because of various issues, like local toxicity, non-biodegradable polymer and large scale sterilization.
7. Liposomes :
The use of liposomes as a topically administered ocular drug delivery system began in the early stage of research into ophthalmic drug delivery. But the results were favorable for lipophilic drugs and not for-hydrophilic drugs. It was concluded that liposomes must be suitable for ocular drug delivery, provided, they had an affinity for, and were able to bind to, ocular surfaces, and release contents at optimal rates22. Positively charged liposomes have a greater affinity, to increase both precorneal drug retention and drug bioavailability .The addition of stearylamine to a liposomal preparation enhanced the corneal absorption of dexamethyl valerate. The corneal epithelium is thinly coated with negatively charged mucin to which the positive surface charge of the liposome may absorb more strongly. Coating with bioadhesive polymers to liposomes, prolong the precomea retention of liposomes. Carbopol 1342-coated pilocarpine23 containing liposomes were shown to produce a longer duration of action. Liposomal preparation of acetazolamide24, hydrocortisone25 and tropicamide26 has been reported. Coating the lipueme with bioadhesive polymat Ilka carbopal increased the corneal retention followed by sustained action Cyclosporin applied topically to the eye in the olive oil crops in a liposome encapsulated form and in a cellophane shield showed slow releasing property.
8. Nanoparticles:
Nanoparticles provide sustained release-and prolonged therapeutic activity when retained in the cul-de-sac after topical administration and the entrapped drug must be released from the particles at an appropriate rate. To enhance particle retention, it is desirable to fabricate the particles with bioadhesive materials. Biodegradation is also a highly desirable property for the fabrication of nanoparticles. Most commonly used polymers are venous poly (alkyl cyanoacrylates), poly S-caprolactone and polylactic-co-glycolic acid, which undergo hydrolysis in tears. Coating of nanoparticles with bioadhesive polymers improves the bioavailability. Chitosan coated nanocapsules improve the bioavailability27. Nanoparticles as an ophthalmic drug delivery have been demonstrated for both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs28-29.
9. Miarcipartlauldles:
They are drug containing, micron sized polymeric particles suspended in a liquid medium. Drugs can be physically dispersed in the polymer backbone30. The drug is released in cul-de-sac through diffusion, chemical reaction, and polymer degradation and micro particles are larger than nanoparticles. Acyclovir loaded chitosan microspheres31 and Pilocarpine-loaded albumin or gelatin microspheres32 are available. Microparticulate technology has the advantage of better patient acceptability, since they can be topically administered as an eye drop33. But the manufacture and control of large scale manufacturing of sterile micro particulates is very challenging and expensive.
10. Inserts:
Solid inserts were introduced into the market 50 years ago. The first solid insert was described in 1948 in British Pharmacopoeia. It was an atropine containing gelatin wafer and in 1980's numerous systems were developed using various polymora and different drug release principles for controlled drug release.
Insoluble inserts are polymeric systems into which the drug is incorporated as a solution or dispersion21. Ophthalmic inserts (ocuserts) have been reported using alginate salts, PVP, modified collagen and HPC, Ocufit is a silicone elastomer based matrix that allows for the controlled release of an active ingredient over, a period of at least 2 weeks22. Osmotically controlled inserts have also been described, where release is by diffusion and osmotically controlled4.
Soluble inserts consists of all monolytic polymeric devices that at the end of their release, the device dissolve or erode. Soluble ophthalmic drug inserts is a soluble copolymer of acrylarnide, N-vinyl pyrrolidone and ethyl acrylate. It is a sterile thin film or wafer of oval shape. The system soften in 10-15 sec after introduction in to the upper conjuctivall sac, gradually dissolves within 1 h, while releasing the drug. A soluble insert containing gentamycin sulphate and dexamethasone phosphate has been developed Pilocarpine Insert for glaucoma is also reported. But these systems have the drawback that that blur vision while the polymer is dissolving. Water soluble bioadhesive component in its formulation has been developed to decrease the risk of expulsion and ensure prolonged residence in the eye, combined with controlled drug release. They are bioadhesive ophthalmic drug inserts. A system based on gentamycin obtained by extrusion of a mixture of polymers, showing a release timer of about 72 h has been reported. Due to difficulty with self-insertion, foreign body sensation, only few insert products are listed and pharmaceutical manufacturers are not actively developing inserts for commercialization.
11. Implantable systems:
The poly lactic acid and its copolymers with glycolic acid have been used extensively as implants. An ocular implant for delivering ganciclovir for the treatment of cytomegalovirus has also been developed24. This delivers drug directly to the retina for over 5 months. These systems are less popular as they require minor surgery.
12. Minidisc:
Minidisc is a controlled release monolithic matrix type device consisting of a contoured disc with a convex front and a concave back surface26. The principle component is A (1) bis (4-methacryloxybutyl)-polydimethyI siloxane. They can be made hydrophilic and hydrophobic to permit extended release of bath water soluble and water insoluble drugs.
13. Soft contact lenses:
The most widely used Material is poly-2-hydrosyethylmethacrylate. Its copolymers with PVP are used both to correct eyesight and hold and deliver drugs. Controlled release can be obtained by binding the active ingredient via biodegradable covalent linkages31.
14. Niosomes:
Niosomes are reported as successful ophthalmic carriers. Discoidal niosomes dscomes of timolol maleate have been reported to be promising systems for the controlled ocular administration of water soluble drugs20. The disc shape provides for a better fit in the cul-de-sac of the eye and then large size may prevent release their drainage into the systemic pool.
15. Pharmacosomes:
They are the vesicles formed by the amphiphilic drugs. Any drug possessing a free carboxyl group or an active hydrogen atom (-OH, -NH2) can be esterifies to the hydroxyl group of a lipid molecule, thus generating an amphiphilic prodrug. These are converted to pharmacosomes on dilution with water. They show greater stability, facilitated transport across the cornea and a controlled release profile16.
16. Collagen shields:
They are manufactured from porcine scleral tissue, which bears a collagen composition similar to that of human cornea. They are hydrated before being placed on the eye and the drug is loaded with the collagen shield simply by soaking it in the drug solution. They provide a layer of collagen solution that lubricates the eye. Collagen shields presoaked in tobramycin were used to treat Pseudomonas aeruginosa infected cornea excoriation28. But shield are not fully transparent and thus reduce visual activity. But they are appropriate delivery systems for both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs with poor penetration properties.
RECENT ADVANCES
New ophthalmic delivery system includes ocular inserts, collagen shields, ocular films, disposable contact lens and other Novel drug delivery systems like hiosomes20 and nanoparticles29. Newer trend is a combination of drug delivery technologies for improving the therapeutic response of a non efficacious drug. This can give a superior dosage forms for topical ophthalmic application.
SUMMARY
Among these drug delivery systems, only few products have been, commercialized. An ideal system should have effective drug concentration at the target tissue for a tended period of time with minimum systemic effect. Patient acceptance is very important for the design of any comfortable ophthalmic drug delivery system. Major Improvements are required in each system like improvement in sustained drug release, large scale manufacturing and stability. Combination of drug delivery systems could open a new directive for improving the therapeutic response of a non-efficacious system. They can overcome the limitations and combine the advantages of different systems.
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About the Author
Kamal Singh Rathore, reader, BN Girls College of Pharmacy, Udaipur *E-mail: kamalsrathore@yahoo.com;kamalsrathore@gmail.com Mobile: +919828325713
